---
title: "Data Breach Statistics 2026: Counts, Costs and Causes"
date: 2025-12-12
author: "Supriya Gharat"
featured_image: "https://xtendedview.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/10/data-breach-statistics-counts-costs-causes-1.jpg"
categories:
  - name: "Cybersecurity"
    url: "/category/cybersecurity.md"
tags:
  - name: "Statistics"
    url: "/tag/statistics.md"
---

# Data Breach Statistics 2026: Counts, Costs and Causes

The Identity Theft Resource Center (ITRC) set a new record of **3,322** data compromises in 2025, up from **3,152** in 2024. IBM’s 2026 Cost of a Data Breach Report puts the global breach average at **$4.99 million**. Verizon’s 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report (DBIR) found exploitation of vulnerabilities is now the most common initial access vector for breaches, at **31%**. These data breach statistics come from separate datasets with their own scope and period, so counts, costs and causes are kept apart below.

Reach moved the other way. Victim notices decreased by **79%** to **278,827,933**, a drop the ITRC ties to the lack of mega-breaches in 2025. None of these figures measures how well a single product or control protects a network.

## Key Takeaways

- Data compromises rose **5.4%** in 2025 while victim notices decreased by **79%** from **1,367,117,021** in 2024.
- In the first half of 2026, victim notices reached an estimated **471.2 million**, and a single compromise involving Instructure Holdings’ Canvas education platform accounted for **58%** of that total.
- Only **24%** of H1 2026 breach notices contained details about the attack vector, the lowest rate ever recorded by the ITRC.
- In the 2026 DBIR, exploitation of vulnerabilities rose to **31%** as an initial access vector while credential abuse fell to **13%**, and only **26%** of critical vulnerabilities were fully remediated in 2025.
- Ransomware grew to **48%** of all breaches, up from **44%**, yet **69%** of ransomware victims didn’t pay.
- In the US, breach costs remained more than double the global average at **$11.5 million** per incident.
- Notified personal data breaches in Europe showed a **22%** annual increase, amounting to an average of **443** notifications per day, according to DLA Piper.

## Editor’s Choice

- Data compromises tracked by the ITRC, 2025: **3,322**.
- Global average cost of a data breach, IBM 2026 report: **$4.99 million**.
- Confirmed data breaches analyzed in the 2026 DBIR: more than **22,000**.
- Victim notices, first half of 2026: an estimated **471.2 million**.
- Mean time to identify and contain a breach, IBM 2026 report: **247 days**.
- Personal data breach complaints to the FBI’s Internet Crime Complaint Center (IC3), 2025: **67,456**.

## How Many Data Breaches Happen Each Year

- The ITRC set a new record for the number of data compromises tracked in a year, above the previous all-time high in 2023 (**3,202**).
- The 2025 total is also a **79%** jump over five years, and a **5.4%** rise on 2024.
- The ITRC’s 2023 report counted **3,205** compromises in 2023, against **1,801** in 2022 and the previous all-time high of **1,860** in 2021, so the 2023 figure shifts slightly between editions.
- The number of victims impacted (**353,027,892**) decreased from 2022 (**425,212,090**).
- The **278,827,933** victim notices of 2025 were the lowest number of victim notices since 2014.

| Year | Data compromises | Victim notices |
|---|---|---|
| 2021 | 1,860 | n/a |
| 2022 | 1,801 | 425,212,090 |
| 2023 | 3,205 | 353,027,892 |
| 2024 | 3,152 | 1,367,117,021 |
| 2025 | 3,322 | 278,827,933 |

*Source: Identity Theft Resource Center 2023 and 2025 annual data breach reports*

### How many data breaches happen per day?

The ITRC’s 2025 count works out to **9.1** tracked data compromises per day. Verizon’s DBIR, a separate global dataset, analyzed more than **22,000** confirmed data breaches for incidents that took place between November 1, 2024, and October 31, 2025. That works out to more than **60.3** confirmed breaches a day.

### About This Data

- Compiled from 15 sources: 2 government reports, 3 nonprofit breach reports, 8 company research releases and 2 law firm publications.
- The sources were published between July 2023 and October 2026; each figure keeps its own dataset, period and scope.
- Primary releases and official reports qualified, secondary news coverage did not, and figures are updated as sources publish new editions.

## Average Cost of a Data Breach

- According to IBM’s 2026 report, the global average cost of a data breach reached **$4.99 million**, a **12%** increase over the prior year and the highest figure recorded in the report’s history.
- In IBM’s 2025 report, the global average cost of a data breach fell to **$4.44 million**, the first decline in five years.
- In IBM’s 2024 report, breach costs increased **10%** from the prior year, the largest yearly jump since the pandemic; in IBM’s 2023 report, the 2023 average was a **15%** increase over the last 3 years.
- The 2026 report, conducted by Ponemon Institute and sponsored and analyzed by IBM, is based on breaches experienced by **602** organizations globally between March 2025 and February 2026.
- The 2026 average is **12.1%** above the 2023 figure.
- In the US, the average US cost of a breach reached a record **$10.22 million** in IBM’s 2025 report, before the 2026 figure of **$11.5 million** per incident.
- Companies that reported using AI and automation in security operations cut breach costs by an average of almost **$2 million**.

 GLOBAL AVERAGE COST · Source: IBM Cost of a Data Breach Reports, 2023 to 2026     GLOBAL AVERAGE COST  IBM · 2023 to 2026 Global Average Breach Cost, 2023-2026 ($ millions)          5 3.75 2.5 1.25 0   $4.45M 2023  $4.88M 2024  $4.44M 2025  $4.99M 2026     SOURCE IBM Cost of a Data Breach Reports, 2023 to 2026    View the data| Report year | Global average cost ($ millions) |
|---|---|
| 2023 | 4.45 |
| 2024 | 4.88 |
| 2025 | 4.44 |
| 2026 | 4.99 |





## Recent Developments

- **October 1, 2026:** The Microsoft Digital Defense Report found threat actors are incorporating AI into reconnaissance, social engineering, malware and exploit development, and post-compromise activity.
- **August 3, 2026:** IBM’s Middle East findings put the average cost of a data breach for organizations in the Middle East at **$8 million**.
- **July 29, 2026:** IBM’s 2026 report found one in four malicious breaches were AI-enabled, a **56%** increase over last year.
- **July 22, 2026:** The ITRC said Q2 2026 alone tallied **1,029** compromises, the second-highest single-quarter total in ITRC tracking history.
- **July 22, 2026:** In the same release, supply chain attacks generated **280.6 million** victim notices from just **38** initial breach events, impacting **206** total entities.

## Data Breaches in the First Half of 2026

- The ITRC tracked **1,803** data compromises in the first half of 2026.
- If the current pace continues, annual compromises could reach approximately **3,600** events, putting 2026 on pace to set a new annual record compared to the **3,321** compromises recorded in 2025.
- The mid-year release also puts victim notices at an estimated **471.2 million**, eclipsing the **297.5 million** notices in all of 2025, or **1.58 times** the full-year total in six months.
- The mid-year release gives 2025 totals of 3,321 compromises and 297.5 million victim notices, against 3,322 and 278,827,933 in the ITRC’s annual report.
- A single compromise involving Instructure Holdings’ Canvas education platform generated an estimated **275 million** victim notices, accounting for **58%** of the H1 2026 total; that figure reflects total reported victims, and a US victim count has not been confirmed.
- Financial services recorded the highest frequency of compromises at **387**, and healthcare compromises rose to **281**.
- The ITRC tracked **21** insider wrongdoing events in the first half of the year, a sevenfold increase over the three incidents recorded in all of 2025.
- Publicly traded companies accounted for only **10.3%** of compromises but generated **83.4%** of all victim notices.
- The supply chain events averaged **7.38 million** victim notices each.

| Measure | First half of 2026 | Full year 2025 |
|---|---|---|
| Data compromises | 1,803 | 3,321 |
| Victim notices (millions) | 471.2 | 297.5 |
| Zero-day attack events | 14 | 17 |
| Manufacturing victim notices (millions) | 74 | 1.97 |

*Source: Identity Theft Resource Center H1 2026 Data Breach Report*

> **Why it matters:** Only **24%** of H1 2026 breach notices contained details about the attack vector, after **70%** of 2025 notices did not include attack information, per the ITRC. Most breach notices now leave out how the data was taken, which leaves the people who receive them guessing at their own exposure.

## Data Breach Costs by Industry and Region

- For the 13th consecutive year, the health care industry had the highest average breach cost at **$6.64 million**, a **10.5%** decrease from the prior year.
- In IBM’s 2025 report, healthcare breaches averaged **$7.42 million**, the most expensive across all studied industries.
- The average cost of a data breach in the financial sector was **$6.29 million**, compared to **$5.56 million** the previous year; IBM’s own release rounds financial services breaches to **$6.3 million** and puts energy breaches at **$5.2 million**.
- In the US, breach costs remained more than double the global average at **$11.5 million** per incident, or **2.3 times** the global figure.
- In the Middle East, lost business remained the largest cost category in the region, averaging **$3.57 million** per breach, followed by post-breach response costs at **$2.17 million**.

 AVERAGE COST · Source: IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, IBM Middle East findings 2026, Baker Donelson 2026     AVERAGE COST  IBM · 2026 Average Breach Cost by Sector and Region ($ millions)        United States  $11.5M Middle East  $8M Healthcare  $6.64M Financial services  $6.3M AI-enabled breaches  $6M Energy  $5.2M Global average  $4.99M  0 3 6 9 12    SOURCE IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, IBM Middle East findings 2026, Baker Donelson 2026    View the data| Group | Average cost ($ millions) |
|---|---|
| United States | 11.5 |
| Middle East | 8 |
| Healthcare | 6.64 |
| Financial services | 6.3 |
| AI-enabled breaches | 6 |
| Energy | 5.2 |
| Global average | 4.99 |





## Data Breaches by Industry

- In 2025, the Financial Services industry was the most breached industry (**739** compromises), followed by Healthcare (**534** compromises).
- Professional Services (**478** compromises) saw the most significant growth in attacks, making them a common stepping stone to compromise their multiple clients.
- In Verizon’s DBIR, Manufacturing recorded **3,627** incidents, **2,713** with confirmed data disclosure.
- Financial and Insurance had **3,809** incidents, **1,300** with confirmed data disclosure.
- [small and medium-sized businesses](/small-business-cyber-attack-statistics/) recorded **7,256** incidents, **7,152** with confirmed data disclosure in the same report.

 DATA COMPROMISES, 2025 · Source: Identity Theft Resource Center 2025 Annual Data Breach Report     DATA COMPROMISES, 2025  Identity Theft Resource Center · 2025 Data Compromises by Industry, 2025 (count)         Financial services  739 Healthcare  534 Professional services  478 Manufacturing  299 Education  188  0 160 320 480 640 800    SOURCE Identity Theft Resource Center 2025 Annual Data Breach Report    View the data| Industry | Data compromises, 2025 |
|---|---|
| Financial services | 739 |
| Healthcare | 534 |
| Professional services | 478 |
| Manufacturing | 299 |
| Education | 188 |





The ITRC ranking counts compromises by sector. Verizon’s DBIR splits confirmed breaches from a separate global dataset, so the two rankings do not line up: manufacturing sits fourth in the ITRC list and leads the six DBIR industries shown below.

 CONFIRMED BREACHES · Source: Verizon 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report     CONFIRMED BREACHES  Verizon · 2026 Confirmed Breaches by Industry, 2026 DBIR (count)        Manufacturing  2,713 Public administration  2,410 Healthcare  1,438 Financial and insurance  1,300 Educational services  1,252 Retail  806  0 700 1.4K 2.1K 2.8K    SOURCE Verizon 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report    View the data| Industry | Confirmed breaches |
|---|---|
| Manufacturing | 2,713 |
| Public administration | 2,410 |
| Healthcare | 1,438 |
| Financial and insurance | 1,300 |
| Educational services | 1,252 |
| Retail | 806 |





## Most Common Causes of Data Breaches

- Exploitation of vulnerabilities is now the most common initial access vector for breaches at **31%**, while credential abuse, the previous leader, is down to **13%**.
- Verizon counts critical vulnerabilities as those in the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Known Exploited Vulnerabilities (KEV) catalog, and only **26%** of them were fully remediated by organizations in 2025, a drop from the previous year’s **38%**.
- The median time for full resolution went up to **43 days**, almost two weeks more than the previous year’s **32 days**.
- Verizon’s 2026 DBIR, also a core source for wider [cybersecurity attack statistics](/cybersecurity-statistics/), found human element was present in **62%** of breaches, a slight increase from the previous year’s **60%**.
- Breaches with third-party involvement have increased by **60%** from last year’s dataset, reaching **48%** of total breaches.
- In IBM’s Middle East findings, phishing, including voice and SMS phishing, accounted for **18%** of incidents and carried an average cost of **$10.41 million**.

 SHARE OF BREACHES · Source: Verizon 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report     SHARE OF BREACHES  Verizon · 2026 Breach Factors in the 2026 Verizon DBIR (%)         Human element  62% Ransomware  48% Third-party involvement  48% Social engineering pattern  16% Phishing  16% Pretexting  6%  0 14 28 42 56 70    SOURCE Verizon 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report    View the data| Factor | Share of breaches (%) |
|---|---|
| Human element | 62 |
| Ransomware | 48 |
| Third-party involvement | 48 |
| Social engineering pattern | 16 |
| Phishing | 16 |
| Pretexting | 6 |





> **Key finding:** Verizon’s 2026 DBIR found only **26%** of critical vulnerabilities were fully remediated by organizations in 2025, and the median time for full resolution went up to **43 days**. With exploitation now the top way in, the patch queue matters more, and it got slower in 2025.

## Ransomware Data Breach Statistics

- Ransomware grew again to **48%** of all breaches, up from **44%** from the previous year, in Verizon’s data.
- **69%** of ransomware victims didn’t pay, and the median amount of ransom paid was **$139,875**, down from **$150,000** in the previous year, a **6.75%** decline.
- IBM’s 2026 study found ransomware attackers most commonly exploiting brand reputation (**41%**), followed by employee data (**35%**) and intellectual property (**31%**).
- In IBM’s 2025 report, more organizations opted not to pay (**63%**) compared to the year prior (**59%**), and the average cost of an extortion or ransomware incident disclosed by an attacker was **$5.08 million**.
- The FBI’s figures, among the wider [cybercrime complaint data](/cyber-crime-statistics/), show ransomware losses rising to **$32,320,105** in 2025 from **$12,473,156** in 2024.

| Measure | Previous report | Latest report |
|---|---|---|
| Share of breaches involving ransomware, Verizon DBIR (%) | 44 | 48 |
| Median ransom paid, Verizon DBIR ($) | 150,000 | 139,875 |
| Breached organizations reporting a ransomware incident, IBM (%) | 34 | 39 |
| Ransomware complaints to IC3 | 3,156 | 3,611 |

*Source: Verizon 2026 Data Breach Investigations Report, IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, FBI IC3 2025 Annual Report*

> **The takeaway:** Ransomware grew to **48%** of all breaches in Verizon’s 2026 dataset, yet **69%** of ransomware victims didn’t pay. Ransomware is reaching more breached organizations while fewer of them pay, which shifts the damage toward downtime, recovery and the reputational pressure IBM now sees attackers lean on.

## How Long It Takes to Identify and Contain a Breach

- After five consecutive years of improvement, the mean time to identify and contain a breach rose to **247 days**, a **2.5%** increase from the previous year.
- Breaches involving data stored across multiple locations took the longest to identify and contain (**256 days**).
- Breaches with lifecycles exceeding **200 days** cost an average of **$5.65 million**, while those contained within **200 days** cost **$4.32 million** on average, a **$1.33 million** gap.
- [Breach detection](/cyber-resilience-statistics/) affects cost too: in IBM’s 2025 report, organizations that detected the breach internally observed a **$900,000** savings on breach costs compared to those disclosed by an attacker.

 DAYS TO IDENTIFY AND CONTAIN · Source: IBM Cost of a Data Breach Reports 2025 and 2026, Baker Donelson 2026     DAYS TO IDENTIFY AND CONTAIN  IBM · 2025 to 2026 Breach Lifecycle by Group, IBM 2025-2026 (days)        Global average, 2025 report  241 Global average, 2026 report  247 Multiple data locations, 2026 report  256 Healthcare, 2025 report  279  0 70 140 210 280    SOURCE IBM Cost of a Data Breach Reports 2025 and 2026, Baker Donelson 2026    View the data| Group | Days to identify and contain |
|---|---|
| Global average, 2025 report | 241 |
| Global average, 2026 report | 247 |
| Multiple data locations, 2026 report | 256 |
| Healthcare, 2025 report | 279 |





## Data Breach Complaints Reported to the FBI

- The FBI’s [Internet Crime Complaint Center](https://www.ic3.gov/AnnualReport/Reports/2025_IC3Report.pdf) (IC3) logged **1,008,597** complaints and **$20.877 billion** in losses in 2025, a **26%** increase in losses from 2024.
- The average loss was **$20,699**.
- Personal data breach complaints numbered **67,456** in 2025, up from **64,882** in 2024 and **55,851** in 2023, a **20.8%** rise over two years.
- Personal data breach losses were **$1,314,923,988** in 2025, down from **$1,453,296,303** in 2024.
- Data Breach complaints numbered **3,963** in 2025, against **3,204** in 2024.

 Personal data breach vs Identity theft · Source: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center 2025 Annual Report       FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center · 2025 IC3 Breach and Identity Complaints, 2023-2025 (count) Personal data breach vs Identity theft    Personal data breach  Identity theft          70K 56K 42K 28K 14K 0   55,851  19,778  64,882  21,403  67,456  31,675   2023 2024 2025  Personal data breach · 55,851 Identity theft · 19,778 Personal data breach · 64,882 Identity theft · 21,403 Personal data breach · 67,456 Identity theft · 31,675    SOURCE FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center 2025 Annual Report    View the data| Year | Personal data breach | Identity theft |
|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 55,851 | 19,778 |
| 2024 | 64,882 | 21,403 |
| 2025 | 67,456 | 31,675 |







Complaint counts and losses do not move together. Personal data breach complaints rose every year, yet the losses tied to them fell from 2024 to 2025, as the dollar figures below show.

| Crime type | 2023 losses ($) | 2024 losses ($) | 2025 losses ($) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal data breach | 744,219,879 | 1,453,296,303 | 1,314,923,988 |
| Data breach | 534,397,222 | 364,855,818 | 435,240,992 |
| Identity theft | 126,203,809 | 174,354,745 | 185,832,657 |
| Ransomware | 59,641,384 | 12,473,156 | 32,320,105 |

*Source: FBI Internet Crime Complaint Center 2025 Annual Report*

## Data Breaches in the UK and Europe

- In the UK government’s [Cyber Security Breaches Survey 2025/2026](https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/cyber-security-breaches-survey-20252026/cyber-security-breaches-survey-20252026), just over four in ten businesses (**43%**) and around three in ten charities (**28%**) reported having experienced any kind of cyber security breach or attack in the last 12 months.
- This equates to approximately **612,000** UK businesses and **57,000** UK charities.
- Medium (**65%**) and large (**69%**) businesses were more likely to have experienced a cyber breach or attack than micro (**42%**) and small (**46%**) businesses.
- Among organizations that identified a breach or attack, the most common by far was phishing (**88%** among affected businesses and **87%** among affected charities).
- The median perceived cost of the most disruptive breach or attack was **£0** for businesses and **£0** for charities, while the top 5% of cases reached **£10,000** for medium/large businesses.
- European [data privacy regulators](/data-privacy-statistics/) issued fines totaling approximately **€1.2 billion** in 2025, according to DLA Piper.
- In DLA Piper’s survey window, which ran from January 28, 2025, to January 27, 2026, the average number of breach notifications per day increased by **22%**, from **363** to **443**.

 Affected businesses vs Affected charities · Source: UK Cyber Security Breaches Survey 2025/2026       UK Cyber · 2025 UK Breach Types, Organisations That Identified a Breach (%) Affected businesses vs Affected charities    Affected businesses (%)  Affected charities (%)          100 80 60 40 20 0   88%  87%  28%  26%  16%  12%  8%  4%  6%  4%   Phishing attacks Impersonating the organisation or staff Devices targeted with malware Hacking or attempted hacking of bank accounts Denial of service attacks  Affected businesses (%) · 88% Affected charities (%) · 87% Affected businesses (%) · 28% Affected charities (%) · 26% Affected businesses (%) · 16% Affected charities (%) · 12% Affected businesses (%) · 8% Affected charities (%) · 4% Affected businesses (%) · 6% Affected charities (%) · 4%    SOURCE UK Cyber Security Breaches Survey 2025/2026    View the data| Breach or attack type | Affected businesses (%) | Affected charities (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Phishing attacks | 88 | 87 |
| Impersonating the organisation or staff | 28 | 26 |
| Devices targeted with malware | 16 | 12 |
| Hacking or attempted hacking of bank accounts | 8 | 4 |
| Denial of service attacks | 6 | 4 |







The UK figures cover organizations that identified a breach themselves, while the European figures count formal notifications to regulators, so the next table measures a different stage of the same problem.

| Measure | Figure |
|---|---|
| Average daily breach notifications, year to January 27, 2025 | 363 |
| Average daily breach notifications, year to January 27, 2026 | 443 |
| GDPR fines issued in 2025 (€ billions) | approximately 1.2 |
| Aggregate GDPR fines, May 25, 2018 to January 10, 2026 (€ billions) | 7.1 |
| Aggregate fines by Ireland’s Data Protection Commission (€ billions) | 4.04 |

*Source: DLA Piper GDPR Fines and Data Breach Survey, January 2026*

## How Data Breaches Affect Consumers

- The ITRC asked **1,040** consumers if they had received a data breach notice in the past 12 months, and **80%** of respondents had received one.
- Nearly **40%** of people responding to the survey received three to five separate notices in the past year.
- **54%** of consumers reported an increase in targeted phishing attempts after a breach.
- The primary fear is immediate financial fraud (**50%**).

| Survey finding | Share (%) |
|---|---|
| Increase in spam emails or robocalls | 49 |
| Increase in phishing or scam attempts | 40 |
| Attempted takeover of an existing account | 40 |
| Immediate anxiety | 60 |
| Frustration | 59 |

*Source: Identity Theft Resource Center 2025 Annual Data Breach Report (survey of 1,040 consumers; the spam, phishing and account-takeover shares are among people who received a breach notice)*

## AI and Data Breaches

- IBM’s 2026 study found AI-enabled breaches cost an average of **$6 million**, roughly **$1 million** more than the global breach average of **$4.99 million**.
- AI-related breaches represented **21%** of all breaches, up from **13%** just a year ago.
- Among AI-driven [cybersecurity threats](/cybersecurity-threat-statistics/), deepfake impersonation drove the highest volume of AI attacks (**45%**).
- Incidents involving shadow AI by employees more than doubled to **43%**, compared to **20%** in 2025, and cost **$5.39 million** versus **$4.63 million**, a **$760,000** difference.
- The most common causes of breaches of AI models or applications were weaknesses in surrounding systems such as application programming interfaces (APIs): compromised APIs, applications, or plug-ins (**27%**) and cloud misconfigurations affecting AI workloads (**27%**).
- Only **37%** of breached organizations stated that they encrypt sensitive data both at rest and in transit.

 SHARE OF AI ATTACKS · Source: IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, Baker Donelson 2026     SHARE OF AI ATTACKS  IBM · 2026 AI Attack Vectors by Share of AI Attacks (%)         Deepfake impersonation  45% AI-enabled malware  19% AI-generated phishing  19%  0 10 20 30 40 50    SOURCE IBM Cost of a Data Breach Report 2026, Baker Donelson 2026    View the data| AI attack vector | Share of AI attacks (%) |
|---|---|
| Deepfake impersonation | 45 |
| AI-enabled malware | 19 |
| AI-generated phishing | 19 |





## Conclusion

The ITRC’s record count of **3,322** data compromises and IBM’s global breach average of **$4.99 million** show breaches getting more frequent and more expensive at the same time. The causes point at patching and third parties more than at stolen passwords, and the shrinking share of notices that explain an attack makes the counts harder to read.

The ITRC says annual compromises could reach approximately **3,600** events if the current pace continues. The ITRC’s full-year report, the next Verizon DBIR and IBM’s next cost study will show whether exploitation keeps its lead and whether ransomware payments keep falling.